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AAT Bioquest ca2+-sensitive dye fluo-8h
Ca2+ Sensitive Dye Fluo 8h, supplied by AAT Bioquest, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/fluo-8h/fluo+8+am/pm40152328__ja4c13933_si_001-5-47-50
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
ca2+-sensitive dye fluo-8h - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars

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Related Articles

Transfection:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

Recombinant:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

Software:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

Microscopy:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

Imaging:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

Blocking Assay:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.

shRNA:

Article Title: Electrode-free nanopore sensing by DiffusiOptoPhysiology
Article Snippet: The Fluo-8H placed in cis is a cell-impermeant derivative of Fluo-8 (AAT bioquest).

Article Title: Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum
Article Snippet: Critical Commercial Assays ProFection Mammalian Transfection System – Calcium Phosphate Promega Cat# E1200 Fluo-8H AAT Bioquest Cat# 21080 Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Mouse: C57BL/6J Charles River RRID: IMSR_JAX:000664 Mouse: B6.129S-Atg5tm1Myok RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC02975, RRID:IMSR_RBRC02975 Mouse: BC.Cg-Tg(CAG-cre/Esr1*)5Amc/J The Jackson Laboratory Cat# JAX:004682, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004682 Mouse: Emx1-Cre RIKEN BioResource Center Cat# RBRC01342, RRID:IMSR_RBRC01342 Oligonucleotides See Table S2 N/A Recombinant DNA Synaptophysin -pHluorin L. Lagnado N/A sRed2-Mito-7 Michael Davidson RRID:Addgene_55838 TetOn-eGFP-mCherry-RAMP4 Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_109014 TOM20MTS-mCherry-EGFP-Tet-On Liang et al., 2018 RRID:Addgene_09016 pEGFP-LC3 Lee et al., 2008 RRID:Addgene_24920 mRFP-LC3 Kimura et al., 2007 RRID:Addgene_ 21075 ER-GCAMP6-150 de Juan-Sanz et al., 2017 RRID:Addgene_ 86918 GCamp6f Chen et al., 2013 RRID:Addgene_40755 Software and Algorithms Prism 5 Graph Pad RRID: SCR_002798 Fiji (ImageJ) NIH RRID: SCR_002285 MaxQuant software MaxQuant RRID:SCR_014485 GOrilla: Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis and Visualization Tool Eden et al., 2009 RRID:SCR_006848 Etomo/IMOD Kremer et al., 1996 https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/ Microscopy imaging browser MIB Belevich et al., 2016 http://mib.helsinki.fi/index.html BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer Thermo Fisher Scientific RRID:SCR_002794 Biosettia shRNA design Biosettia N/A Image Studio Lite LI-COR Biosciences RRID:SCR_013715 SigmaPlot Systat Software, Inc. RRID:SCR_003210 IGOR Pro WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR RRID:SCR_000325 PatchMaster software Heka Elektronics RRID:SCR_000034 ll OPEN ACCESS Article

Article Title: Functional and therapeutic importance of purinergic signaling in polycystic kidney disease
Article Snippet: Shown are representative images of cystic monolayer loaded with Fluo-8H (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA) to label intracellular calcium before and after application of 10 μM ATP (adapted from Ref. 42 ).


Article Title: Primary Neuron Culture for Nerve Growth and Axon Guidance Studies in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
Article Snippet: Cultured zebrafish spinal neurons were loaded with Fluo-8H (2 μM, AAT Bioquest) for 30 min at 22°C.

Article Title: Specific Calcium Signal Responses in Human Keloid‐Derived Fibroblasts During Cyclical Stretching: Basic Research
Article Snippet: After preincubation, Fluo‐8H (AAT Bioquest Inc., USA) and calcein red–orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were, respectively, used as markers of intracellular Ca 2+ and cytoplasm.

Article Title: Passive and parallel microfluidic formation of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) for measurement of leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid membranes
Article Snippet: We present a passive microfluidic system for easy and rapid generation of Droplet Interface Bilayer pairs, each formed with two aqueous nanoliter droplets comprising controlled chemical composition.. The system allows for rapid screening to quantify leakage of small molecules through artificial phospholipid bilayers.. The droplets are generated, diluted and stored in-situ on the microfluidic chip.



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AAT Bioquest fluorescent cytosolic ca 2+ dye fluo-8h am
Intercellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves triggered by focal photodynamic therapy in vivo. ( A ) Shown are GCaMP6s fluorescence emission ( F ) variations (Δ F = F − F 0 , where F 0 = pre-stimulus value) at different time points after the onset of laser irradiation in standard conditions (normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ , NEM) or after 20 min incubation in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM). The contour of the irradiated cell is highlighted in the images captured at 5 s. Bystander cells were identified by ordinal numbers according to the distance from the irradiated cell (see, for an example, the contoured cells in the image at 70 s in EGTA conditions); scale bar: 20 µm; ( B ) Single-cell Δ F / F 0 traces [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] generated as pixel signal average within regions of interest contouring the cell focal plane section for each bystander cell order (from 1st to 6th); pooled data from n ≥ 6 experiments in 3 tumors for both conditions: green traces, EGTA; blue traces, NEM; vertical dashed lines mark the onset of irradiation at t = 10 s; ( C ) Area under Δ F / F 0 curves ( A , inset) computed between t = 10 s and t = 80 s (mean ± s.e.m.) vs. bystander cell order (abscissa): green bars, EGTA; blue bars, NEM; a.u., arbitrary units; n.s., not significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***; p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.
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Intercellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves triggered by focal photodynamic therapy in vivo. ( A ) Shown are GCaMP6s fluorescence emission ( F ) variations (Δ F = F − F 0 , where F 0 = pre-stimulus value) at different time points after the onset of laser irradiation in standard conditions (normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ , NEM) or after 20 min incubation in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM). The contour of the irradiated cell is highlighted in the images captured at 5 s. Bystander cells were identified by ordinal numbers according to the distance from the irradiated cell (see, for an example, the contoured cells in the image at 70 s in EGTA conditions); scale bar: 20 µm; ( B ) Single-cell Δ F / F 0 traces [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] generated as pixel signal average within regions of interest contouring the cell focal plane section for each bystander cell order (from 1st to 6th); pooled data from n ≥ 6 experiments in 3 tumors for both conditions: green traces, EGTA; blue traces, NEM; vertical dashed lines mark the onset of irradiation at t = 10 s; ( C ) Area under Δ F / F 0 curves ( A , inset) computed between t = 10 s and t = 80 s (mean ± s.e.m.) vs. bystander cell order (abscissa): green bars, EGTA; blue bars, NEM; a.u., arbitrary units; n.s., not significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***; p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.
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Image Search Results


Intercellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves triggered by focal photodynamic therapy in vivo. ( A ) Shown are GCaMP6s fluorescence emission ( F ) variations (Δ F = F − F 0 , where F 0 = pre-stimulus value) at different time points after the onset of laser irradiation in standard conditions (normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ , NEM) or after 20 min incubation in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM). The contour of the irradiated cell is highlighted in the images captured at 5 s. Bystander cells were identified by ordinal numbers according to the distance from the irradiated cell (see, for an example, the contoured cells in the image at 70 s in EGTA conditions); scale bar: 20 µm; ( B ) Single-cell Δ F / F 0 traces [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] generated as pixel signal average within regions of interest contouring the cell focal plane section for each bystander cell order (from 1st to 6th); pooled data from n ≥ 6 experiments in 3 tumors for both conditions: green traces, EGTA; blue traces, NEM; vertical dashed lines mark the onset of irradiation at t = 10 s; ( C ) Area under Δ F / F 0 curves ( A , inset) computed between t = 10 s and t = 80 s (mean ± s.e.m.) vs. bystander cell order (abscissa): green bars, EGTA; blue bars, NEM; a.u., arbitrary units; n.s., not significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***; p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

doi: 10.3390/cancers13205062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intercellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves triggered by focal photodynamic therapy in vivo. ( A ) Shown are GCaMP6s fluorescence emission ( F ) variations (Δ F = F − F 0 , where F 0 = pre-stimulus value) at different time points after the onset of laser irradiation in standard conditions (normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ , NEM) or after 20 min incubation in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM). The contour of the irradiated cell is highlighted in the images captured at 5 s. Bystander cells were identified by ordinal numbers according to the distance from the irradiated cell (see, for an example, the contoured cells in the image at 70 s in EGTA conditions); scale bar: 20 µm; ( B ) Single-cell Δ F / F 0 traces [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] generated as pixel signal average within regions of interest contouring the cell focal plane section for each bystander cell order (from 1st to 6th); pooled data from n ≥ 6 experiments in 3 tumors for both conditions: green traces, EGTA; blue traces, NEM; vertical dashed lines mark the onset of irradiation at t = 10 s; ( C ) Area under Δ F / F 0 curves ( A , inset) computed between t = 10 s and t = 80 s (mean ± s.e.m.) vs. bystander cell order (abscissa): green bars, EGTA; blue bars, NEM; a.u., arbitrary units; n.s., not significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***; p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: On the day of the experiment, ATP-WCBs were loaded for 30 min at 37 °C with fluorescent cytosolic Ca 2+ dye Fluo-8H AM (5 μM, Cat. No. 21091, AAT Bioquest) dissolved in NEM supplemented with pluronic F-127 (0.1% w / v ) and sulfinpyrazone (250 μM, Cat. No. S9509, Merck KGaA) to prevent dye secretion.

Techniques: In Vivo, Fluorescence, Irradiation, Incubation, Generated, MANN-WHITNEY

Connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) expressed in melanoma cells mediate the propagation of calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves induced by focal photodynamic therapy (fPDT) in vivo. ( A ) Pooled results of fPDT trials in GCaMP6s-expressing dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) tumors in the following conditions: Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium (CFEM) supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM); normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ (NEM, control); CFEM supplemented with EGTA (5 mM) plus carbenoxolone (CBX, 100 µM) or flufenamic acid (FFA, 100 µM) or TAT-Gap19 (150 µM) or abEC1.1m (1 μM). The histogram shows the area under GCaMP6s Δ F / F 0 traces ( A , inset) computed between the onset of fPDT ( t = 10 s) and the end of the observation time window ( t = 80 s) for each bystander cell order (abscissa); pooled data [mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.)] for n ≥ 6 experiments in at least 2 different tumors for each condition. a.u., arbitrary units; *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001, the Kruskal-Wallis test (for post hoc pairwise comparisons, see  ). Data for EGTA and NEM conditions are also shown in  C; ( B – D ) In vivo 4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) uptake experiments: GCaMP6s-expressing DSC melanomas were incubated with DAPI (5 μM) dissolved in: CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA; NEM; CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA plus FFA (100 µM) or TAT-Gap19 (150 µM) or abEC1.1m (1 μM). Fluorescence images were acquired at 5 min intervals up to 30 min; ( B ) Representative images acquired before ( t = 0 min) and after 30 min of DAPI incubation in EGTA conditions; scale bar: 20 µm; ( C ) Relative variation of nuclear DAPI fluorescence intensity [ F ( t )/ F 0 ] in tumor cells vs. time during dye uptake in EGTA conditions (mean ± s.e.m., n = 20 cells, 2 tumors). The red dashed line was computed by data fitting with the shown function f ( t ) (parameter values: a = −0.1754, b = 0.0647 min −1 ); ( D ) Box plots showing the distributions of Δ F = F (30 min) − F 0 for DAPI measured in n ≥ 12 nuclei for each condition. Red horizontal bars indicate the median. ***, p < 0.001, the Kruskal-Wallis test (for post hoc pairwise comparisons, see  ); ( E ) Representative western blots for Cx43 (top) and Cx26 (bottom) expression in tumors (T) derived from B16-F10 or B16-F10-GCaMP6s cells and grown in DSCs (denoted as B16-F10 T and B16-F10-GCaMP6s T, respectively) compared with B16-F10 or B16-F10-GCaMP6s cells grown in culture dishes; graphs on the right show the corresponding relative optical density (mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 independent experiments; **, p < 0.05, ANOVA on Ranks; ***, p < 0.001, ANOVA). Detailed information about the Western blotting can be found at  . ( F ) Confocal fluorescence images obtained by immunostaining with antibodies selective for Cx43 (top left, green), Cx26 (bottom left, green) and MelanA (right, red) in representative sections of melanomas grown in DSCs; nuclei were stained with DAPI; scale bar: 10 μm.

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

doi: 10.3390/cancers13205062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) expressed in melanoma cells mediate the propagation of calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves induced by focal photodynamic therapy (fPDT) in vivo. ( A ) Pooled results of fPDT trials in GCaMP6s-expressing dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) tumors in the following conditions: Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium (CFEM) supplemented with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 5 mM); normal extracellular medium containing 2 mM of Ca 2+ (NEM, control); CFEM supplemented with EGTA (5 mM) plus carbenoxolone (CBX, 100 µM) or flufenamic acid (FFA, 100 µM) or TAT-Gap19 (150 µM) or abEC1.1m (1 μM). The histogram shows the area under GCaMP6s Δ F / F 0 traces ( A , inset) computed between the onset of fPDT ( t = 10 s) and the end of the observation time window ( t = 80 s) for each bystander cell order (abscissa); pooled data [mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.)] for n ≥ 6 experiments in at least 2 different tumors for each condition. a.u., arbitrary units; *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001, the Kruskal-Wallis test (for post hoc pairwise comparisons, see ). Data for EGTA and NEM conditions are also shown in C; ( B – D ) In vivo 4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) uptake experiments: GCaMP6s-expressing DSC melanomas were incubated with DAPI (5 μM) dissolved in: CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA; NEM; CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA plus FFA (100 µM) or TAT-Gap19 (150 µM) or abEC1.1m (1 μM). Fluorescence images were acquired at 5 min intervals up to 30 min; ( B ) Representative images acquired before ( t = 0 min) and after 30 min of DAPI incubation in EGTA conditions; scale bar: 20 µm; ( C ) Relative variation of nuclear DAPI fluorescence intensity [ F ( t )/ F 0 ] in tumor cells vs. time during dye uptake in EGTA conditions (mean ± s.e.m., n = 20 cells, 2 tumors). The red dashed line was computed by data fitting with the shown function f ( t ) (parameter values: a = −0.1754, b = 0.0647 min −1 ); ( D ) Box plots showing the distributions of Δ F = F (30 min) − F 0 for DAPI measured in n ≥ 12 nuclei for each condition. Red horizontal bars indicate the median. ***, p < 0.001, the Kruskal-Wallis test (for post hoc pairwise comparisons, see ); ( E ) Representative western blots for Cx43 (top) and Cx26 (bottom) expression in tumors (T) derived from B16-F10 or B16-F10-GCaMP6s cells and grown in DSCs (denoted as B16-F10 T and B16-F10-GCaMP6s T, respectively) compared with B16-F10 or B16-F10-GCaMP6s cells grown in culture dishes; graphs on the right show the corresponding relative optical density (mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 independent experiments; **, p < 0.05, ANOVA on Ranks; ***, p < 0.001, ANOVA). Detailed information about the Western blotting can be found at . ( F ) Confocal fluorescence images obtained by immunostaining with antibodies selective for Cx43 (top left, green), Cx26 (bottom left, green) and MelanA (right, red) in representative sections of melanomas grown in DSCs; nuclei were stained with DAPI; scale bar: 10 μm.

Article Snippet: On the day of the experiment, ATP-WCBs were loaded for 30 min at 37 °C with fluorescent cytosolic Ca 2+ dye Fluo-8H AM (5 μM, Cat. No. 21091, AAT Bioquest) dissolved in NEM supplemented with pluronic F-127 (0.1% w / v ) and sulfinpyrazone (250 μM, Cat. No. S9509, Merck KGaA) to prevent dye secretion.

Techniques: In Vivo, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunostaining, Staining

Whole-cell biosensors for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection (ATP-WCBs) are activated by extracellular ATP released during the propagation of calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves induced by focal photodynamic therapy (fPDT) in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC). ( A ) Schematic representation of the multiphoton microscope objective lens oscillating between two focal planes for real-time detection of ATP release during fPDT stimulation (left, GCaMP6s-expressing tumor; right, Fluo-8H-loaded ATP-WCBs); ( B ) Representative back-projections of Δ F = F − F 0 (with F 0 pre-stimulus value) frames acquired from tumor (top) and ATP-WCBs (bottom) during fPDT stimulation in the absence of apyrase (−APY, left) or in its presence (+APY, 250 U/mL, right) in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium (CFEM). Red circles mark the location of the photoactivation laser beam; scale bar: 20 µm; ( C ) Average Ca 2+ responses of bystander melanoma cells (top) and ATP-WCBs (bottom) to fPDT before (left) and after (right) addition of APY to the extracellular medium; Δ F / F 0 signals [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] are shown for each bystander cell order. Results are representatives of n ≥ 3 experiments performed in 2 tumors. Vertical dashed lines mark the onset of laser irradiation ( t = 5 s); ( D ) Effect of APY on the amplitudes of fPDT-induced Ca 2+ waves in CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA; the histogram shows the area under GCaMP6s Δ F / F 0 signals ( A , see inset) computed for each bystander cell order in the absence of APY (−APY, green bars, also shown in  C and  A) or in its presence (+APY, black bars); data (mean ± s.e.m.) were pooled from n ≥ 6 experiments in at least 2 different melanomas for each condition; a.u., arbitrary units; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

doi: 10.3390/cancers13205062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Whole-cell biosensors for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection (ATP-WCBs) are activated by extracellular ATP released during the propagation of calcium (Ca 2+ ) waves induced by focal photodynamic therapy (fPDT) in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC). ( A ) Schematic representation of the multiphoton microscope objective lens oscillating between two focal planes for real-time detection of ATP release during fPDT stimulation (left, GCaMP6s-expressing tumor; right, Fluo-8H-loaded ATP-WCBs); ( B ) Representative back-projections of Δ F = F − F 0 (with F 0 pre-stimulus value) frames acquired from tumor (top) and ATP-WCBs (bottom) during fPDT stimulation in the absence of apyrase (−APY, left) or in its presence (+APY, 250 U/mL, right) in Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium (CFEM). Red circles mark the location of the photoactivation laser beam; scale bar: 20 µm; ( C ) Average Ca 2+ responses of bystander melanoma cells (top) and ATP-WCBs (bottom) to fPDT before (left) and after (right) addition of APY to the extracellular medium; Δ F / F 0 signals [mean (solid lines) ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m., dashed lines)] are shown for each bystander cell order. Results are representatives of n ≥ 3 experiments performed in 2 tumors. Vertical dashed lines mark the onset of laser irradiation ( t = 5 s); ( D ) Effect of APY on the amplitudes of fPDT-induced Ca 2+ waves in CFEM supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA; the histogram shows the area under GCaMP6s Δ F / F 0 signals ( A , see inset) computed for each bystander cell order in the absence of APY (−APY, green bars, also shown in C and A) or in its presence (+APY, black bars); data (mean ± s.e.m.) were pooled from n ≥ 6 experiments in at least 2 different melanomas for each condition; a.u., arbitrary units; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the Mann-Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: On the day of the experiment, ATP-WCBs were loaded for 30 min at 37 °C with fluorescent cytosolic Ca 2+ dye Fluo-8H AM (5 μM, Cat. No. 21091, AAT Bioquest) dissolved in NEM supplemented with pluronic F-127 (0.1% w / v ) and sulfinpyrazone (250 μM, Cat. No. S9509, Merck KGaA) to prevent dye secretion.

Techniques: Microscopy, Expressing, Irradiation, MANN-WHITNEY

In vivo intratumor injection of ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) prior to spatially confined photodynamic therapy (scPDT) boosts bystander cell killing via calcium (Ca 2+ )-dependent apoptotic pathways. ( A – C ) B16-F10 melanomas grown in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) were loaded with the photosensitizer (PS) and partially irradiated (scPDT, 30 min duration, irradiance ~378 mW/cm 2 ) after microinjection of normal extracellular medium (NEM, control conditions) or Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA (EGTA conditions). Tumor cell demise was assayed by time-lapse microscopy using calcein-AM (co-loaded with PS); ( A ) DSC titanium frame (left) with applied opaque mask (right) used to restrict melanoma irradiation in scPDT experiments (central hole diameter = 1.3 mm); scale bar: 1 cm; ( B ) Post-irradiation variation of melanoma surface area with persistent calcein-AM fluorescence in control (NEM; n = 4, blue) and EGTA ( n = 3, green) conditions. Interpolating curves (dashed lines) were computed by data fitting with the function f( t ) = 1 − a + ae − b ( t + c ) (for parameter values, see  ). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01, two-tailed t -test; ( C ) Representative results of time-lapse fluorescence imaging with calcein-AM. Images were acquired before and after scPDT (within white circles) at shown time points; the black down arrow marks the time point of calcein-AM reloading in the tumors (3 h 30 min); scale bars: 1 mm; ( D – J ) Experiments were performed in B16-F10 syngeneic melanomas exposed to NEM, expressing one of the following genetically encoded fluorescent indicators: R-CEPIA1er, a Ca 2+ indicator targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, D – F , top); CEPIA2mt, a Ca 2+ indicator targeted to mitochondria ( D – F , bottom); an indicator for caspase-3 (Cas-3) activation ( G – J ); ( D , H ) Representative fluorescence images of melanoma cells expressing the aforementioned Ca 2+ ( D ) or Cas-3 indicators ( H ); scale bars: 20 μm; ( E , I ) Representative color-coded Δ F / F 0 signals in the irradiated cell and surrounding bystander cells; black traces are representative results obtained in the absence of PS (−PS, negative control). The vertical dashed lines mark the onset of laser irradiation ( t = 10 s); ( F ) Rates of Ca 2+ signals computed up to the 4th bystander cell order as the absolute value of the average slope of the post-irradiation linear descending (ER, top) or ascending (mitochondria, bottom) trace segment. Data were pooled from n ≥ 10 experiments in at least 2 tumors for each condition and quoted as mean values ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.); ( G ) Schematic representation of the mechanism of action for the fluorescent Cas-3 indicator; ( J ) Cas-3 activation rate computed up to the 3rd bystander cell order as the absolute value of the average slope of the linear descending post-irradiation trace segment. Data (mean ± s.e.m.) were pooled from n = 4 experiments in 2 tumors.

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

doi: 10.3390/cancers13205062

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo intratumor injection of ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) prior to spatially confined photodynamic therapy (scPDT) boosts bystander cell killing via calcium (Ca 2+ )-dependent apoptotic pathways. ( A – C ) B16-F10 melanomas grown in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) were loaded with the photosensitizer (PS) and partially irradiated (scPDT, 30 min duration, irradiance ~378 mW/cm 2 ) after microinjection of normal extracellular medium (NEM, control conditions) or Ca 2+ -free extracellular medium supplemented with 5 mM of EGTA (EGTA conditions). Tumor cell demise was assayed by time-lapse microscopy using calcein-AM (co-loaded with PS); ( A ) DSC titanium frame (left) with applied opaque mask (right) used to restrict melanoma irradiation in scPDT experiments (central hole diameter = 1.3 mm); scale bar: 1 cm; ( B ) Post-irradiation variation of melanoma surface area with persistent calcein-AM fluorescence in control (NEM; n = 4, blue) and EGTA ( n = 3, green) conditions. Interpolating curves (dashed lines) were computed by data fitting with the function f( t ) = 1 − a + ae − b ( t + c ) (for parameter values, see ). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01, two-tailed t -test; ( C ) Representative results of time-lapse fluorescence imaging with calcein-AM. Images were acquired before and after scPDT (within white circles) at shown time points; the black down arrow marks the time point of calcein-AM reloading in the tumors (3 h 30 min); scale bars: 1 mm; ( D – J ) Experiments were performed in B16-F10 syngeneic melanomas exposed to NEM, expressing one of the following genetically encoded fluorescent indicators: R-CEPIA1er, a Ca 2+ indicator targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, D – F , top); CEPIA2mt, a Ca 2+ indicator targeted to mitochondria ( D – F , bottom); an indicator for caspase-3 (Cas-3) activation ( G – J ); ( D , H ) Representative fluorescence images of melanoma cells expressing the aforementioned Ca 2+ ( D ) or Cas-3 indicators ( H ); scale bars: 20 μm; ( E , I ) Representative color-coded Δ F / F 0 signals in the irradiated cell and surrounding bystander cells; black traces are representative results obtained in the absence of PS (−PS, negative control). The vertical dashed lines mark the onset of laser irradiation ( t = 10 s); ( F ) Rates of Ca 2+ signals computed up to the 4th bystander cell order as the absolute value of the average slope of the post-irradiation linear descending (ER, top) or ascending (mitochondria, bottom) trace segment. Data were pooled from n ≥ 10 experiments in at least 2 tumors for each condition and quoted as mean values ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.); ( G ) Schematic representation of the mechanism of action for the fluorescent Cas-3 indicator; ( J ) Cas-3 activation rate computed up to the 3rd bystander cell order as the absolute value of the average slope of the linear descending post-irradiation trace segment. Data (mean ± s.e.m.) were pooled from n = 4 experiments in 2 tumors.

Article Snippet: On the day of the experiment, ATP-WCBs were loaded for 30 min at 37 °C with fluorescent cytosolic Ca 2+ dye Fluo-8H AM (5 μM, Cat. No. 21091, AAT Bioquest) dissolved in NEM supplemented with pluronic F-127 (0.1% w / v ) and sulfinpyrazone (250 μM, Cat. No. S9509, Merck KGaA) to prevent dye secretion.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Irradiation, Microinjection, Control, Time-lapse Microscopy, Fluorescence, Two Tailed Test, Imaging, Expressing, Activation Assay, Negative Control

Schematic model for connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HC)-related signaling downstream of photosensitizer (PS) activation. (1) Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated directly or indirectly after PS photoactivation , activate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) receptors (Rs), promoting calcium (Ca 2+ ) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (2) The rise in cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration gates HCs from the inside, (3) permitting the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from cytosol to extracellular milieu. (4) The released ATP activates metabotropic P2YRs and consequent IP 3 production via G-protein-coupled activation of phospholipase C (PLC). (5) IP 3 binding to IP 3 R in the ER potentiates ROS-mediated Ca 2+ release. (6) This enhances Ca 2+ uptake into the mitochondrial matrix via voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1) in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter (MCU) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). The tight spacing between ER and mitochondria, which is key for efficient ER-mitochondria Ca 2+ transfer, is regulated by mitofusin (Mfn) proteins and fetal and adult testis-expressed 1 (FATE1). (7) Within the matrix, Ca 2+ regulates the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by controlling the activity of three dehydrogenases, promoting increased synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ) and consequent augmented ATP production by complex V (ATP synthase) of the electron transport chain (ETC). (8) Ca 2+ entry also drives potassium (K + ) and water (H 2 O) influx into the matrix. (9) The increased internal pressure squeezes hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) out of mitochondrial cristae (C), reinforcing ROS-mediated opening of the IP 3 R and blockade of the Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump, which leads to irreversible ER emptying. (10) Ca 2+ overload of the mitochondrial matrix enhances ROS levels and H 2 O 2 mainly via complex I and III in the ETC, promoting mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. (11) Prolonged opening of the mPTP causes depolarization of the IMM and swelling of the mitochondrial matrix, which ensues in the rupture of the OMM. (12) Consequently, cytochrome c (Cyt c) is released, thus promoting apoptotic cell death (13). ICS, intracristal space (see [  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ]). These events are exacerbated by nitric oxide (NO), a key diffusible byproduct of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride photoactivation in irradiated cells . In bystander cells, NO concentration is increased above diffusion levels by Ca 2+ -dependent enzymatic production [  ,  ,  ] and can be further increased by administration of a NO donor (S-Nitrosoglutathione), as accomplished in this article. NO favors the opening of HCs in different cell types and Cx species [  ,  ,  ]. In this context, it potentiates the ATP release that subtends Ca 2+ wave propagation. In addition, NO can inhibit the ETC, particularly complex IV, but also complex I, III, and II, by imparting modifications, such as S-nitrosation and nitration to selected residues . Inhibition of complex IV by NO enhances the production of mitochondrial ROS . The combination of NO with superoxide anion can generate peroxinitrite, a potentially harmful radical that drives nitration and oxidation of biomolecules .

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

doi: 10.3390/cancers13205062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic model for connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HC)-related signaling downstream of photosensitizer (PS) activation. (1) Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated directly or indirectly after PS photoactivation , activate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) receptors (Rs), promoting calcium (Ca 2+ ) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (2) The rise in cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration gates HCs from the inside, (3) permitting the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from cytosol to extracellular milieu. (4) The released ATP activates metabotropic P2YRs and consequent IP 3 production via G-protein-coupled activation of phospholipase C (PLC). (5) IP 3 binding to IP 3 R in the ER potentiates ROS-mediated Ca 2+ release. (6) This enhances Ca 2+ uptake into the mitochondrial matrix via voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1) in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter (MCU) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). The tight spacing between ER and mitochondria, which is key for efficient ER-mitochondria Ca 2+ transfer, is regulated by mitofusin (Mfn) proteins and fetal and adult testis-expressed 1 (FATE1). (7) Within the matrix, Ca 2+ regulates the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by controlling the activity of three dehydrogenases, promoting increased synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ) and consequent augmented ATP production by complex V (ATP synthase) of the electron transport chain (ETC). (8) Ca 2+ entry also drives potassium (K + ) and water (H 2 O) influx into the matrix. (9) The increased internal pressure squeezes hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) out of mitochondrial cristae (C), reinforcing ROS-mediated opening of the IP 3 R and blockade of the Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump, which leads to irreversible ER emptying. (10) Ca 2+ overload of the mitochondrial matrix enhances ROS levels and H 2 O 2 mainly via complex I and III in the ETC, promoting mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. (11) Prolonged opening of the mPTP causes depolarization of the IMM and swelling of the mitochondrial matrix, which ensues in the rupture of the OMM. (12) Consequently, cytochrome c (Cyt c) is released, thus promoting apoptotic cell death (13). ICS, intracristal space (see [ , , , , , , , , , , ]). These events are exacerbated by nitric oxide (NO), a key diffusible byproduct of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride photoactivation in irradiated cells . In bystander cells, NO concentration is increased above diffusion levels by Ca 2+ -dependent enzymatic production [ , , ] and can be further increased by administration of a NO donor (S-Nitrosoglutathione), as accomplished in this article. NO favors the opening of HCs in different cell types and Cx species [ , , ]. In this context, it potentiates the ATP release that subtends Ca 2+ wave propagation. In addition, NO can inhibit the ETC, particularly complex IV, but also complex I, III, and II, by imparting modifications, such as S-nitrosation and nitration to selected residues . Inhibition of complex IV by NO enhances the production of mitochondrial ROS . The combination of NO with superoxide anion can generate peroxinitrite, a potentially harmful radical that drives nitration and oxidation of biomolecules .

Article Snippet: On the day of the experiment, ATP-WCBs were loaded for 30 min at 37 °C with fluorescent cytosolic Ca 2+ dye Fluo-8H AM (5 μM, Cat. No. 21091, AAT Bioquest) dissolved in NEM supplemented with pluronic F-127 (0.1% w / v ) and sulfinpyrazone (250 μM, Cat. No. S9509, Merck KGaA) to prevent dye secretion.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Generated, Concentration Assay, Binding Assay, Membrane, Activity Assay, Permeability, Irradiation, Diffusion-based Assay, Nitration, Inhibition